Best Pickup And Delivery Trucks In Nigeria (2023): Top Pick

Best Pickup And Delivery Trucks To Buy In Nigeria

Pick-up and delivery trucks are popular in Nigeria, especially in industrial, manufacturing, and commercial areas. On-site construction companies also prefer to convey equipment and staff with these vehicles. They are rugged and roomy for tools and other types of equipment, as well as fast and efficient in this regard. Given how bad the roads and navigation are in Nigeria, it’s important to point out the best pickup trucks and delivery trucks that businesses or people can buy. When you go for a pickup truck, you don’t go for luxury but for efficiency.

ALSO, READ Why Toyota Corolla Is Popular For Uber And Bolt Services In 2023 – Review

However, this doesn’t stop the manufacturers of these vehicles from making them comfortable, luxurious, and yet very efficient for use. This article will highlight the best pickup and delivery trucks in Nigeria, with pros and cons, prices, and specifications.

Best Pickup And Delivery Trucks In Nigeria (2023)

The Overall best pickup and delivery truck is the Toyota Tundra 2023 and that makes the first on the list

1. Toyota Tundra 2023

Overview

The 2023 Toyota Tundra is a full-size pickup truck that has been completely redesigned from the ground up. It will be available in six trim levels: SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition, and TRD Pro.

One of the biggest changes for the 2023 Tundra is the new platform that it is built on, called the Toyota New Global Architecture-F (TNGA-F). This new platform is said to provide a more stable and comfortable ride, as well as better handling and improved safety features.

The new Tundra will also come with two engine options. The standard engine will be a 3.5-liter twin-turbo V6 that produces 389 horsepower and 479 lb-ft of torque. There will also be an available hybrid option that pairs the V6 with an electric motor for a combined output of 437 horsepower and 583 lb-ft of torque.

Inside the cabin, the 2023 Tundra will feature a new infotainment system with a 14-inch touchscreen, as well as standard safety features such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and automatic emergency braking. Overall, the 2023 Toyota Tundra is shaping up to be a significant improvement over the outgoing model, with updated styling, improved performance, and new technology features.

Overall, the 2023 Toyota Tundra is shaping up to be a significant improvement over the outgoing model, with updated styling, improved performance, and new technology features.

Specifications: Toyota Tundra 2023

here are some of the specifications that have been announced for the 2023 Toyota Tundra:

• Platform: Toyota New Global Architecture-F (TNGA-F)
• Engine options:
  • 3.5-liter twin-turbo V6
    • Horsepower: 389 hp
    • Torque: 479 lb-ft
  • Hybrid (3.5-liter twin-turbo V6 + electric motor)
    • Combined output: 437 hp
    • Combined torque: 583 lb-ft
• Transmission: 10-speed automatic
• Drivetrain: 4WD
• Suspension: Double wishbone front suspension, multi-link rear suspension
• Brakes: 4-wheel disc brakes with ABS
• Towing capacity: Up to 12,000 lbs (depending on configuration)
• Payload capacity: Up to 1,940 lbs (depending on configuration)
• Bed length: 66.7 inches or 78.7 inches (depending on configuration)
• Seating capacity: 5 or 6 (depending on configuration)
• Infotainment system: 14-inch touchscreen display
• Safety features (standard): Adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, forward collision warning, pedestrian detection, automatic high beams, and road sign assist

Please note that these specifications are subject to change and may vary depending on the specific configuration of the vehicle.

Pros And Cons: Toyota Tundra 2023

Pros: ‘

• Two engine options, including a hybrid option, could provide improved fuel efficiency and power compared to the outgoing model
• New infotainment system with a large 14-inch touchscreen display
• Standard safety features such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and automatic emergency braking
• Generous towing and payload capacities, which could make it a good choice for those who need a capable work truck
• Six trim levels to choose from, which could offer a range of features and options to suit different needs and budgets

Cons:

• Higher price point compared to the outgoing model and some of its competitors
• No information has been announced about the fuel economy of the standard V6 engine, which could be a concern for those looking for a fuel-efficient truck
• Some drivers may not like the look of the new redesign, as it represents a departure from the more traditional truck styling of the outgoing model
• The 2023 Tundra is a larger vehicle than many mid-size pickups, which could make it more difficult to manoeuvre in tight spaces or city driving.

Price: Toyota Tundra 2023

Starting at $39,999 which could be converted into naira at ₦18,422,000.00 or the official exchange rate and ₦30,000,000 using the black market rate of ₦750 to a dollar excluding shipping and delivery.

2. Ford F‑150 2023

Overview:

One of the most notable changes for the 2023 F-150 is the availability of a hybrid powertrain. The 3.5-litre PowerBoost V6 hybrid engine offers an impressive 430 horsepower and 570 lb-ft of torque and is expected to deliver strong fuel economy numbers, especially for a full-size pickup truck. In addition to the hybrid, the F-150 also offers several gasoline engine options, including a V6 and V8, each of which is mated to a 10-speed automatic transmission.

The F-150’s updated styling is also a major highlight, with a more aggressive front end and a variety of available features, such as power running boards and a power tailgate, that help distinguish it from the previous generation. The interior is similarly modernized, with an available 12-inch touchscreen display and an available 12-inch digital instrument cluster, as well as optional heated and ventilated front seats and a panoramic moonroof.

The F-150’s towing and payload capabilities are also impressive, with a maximum towing capacity of up to 14,000 pounds and a maximum payload capacity of up to 3,325 pounds. The truck’s available Pro Trailer Backup Assist feature is also designed to make backing up with a trailer easier and more precise.

Overall, while it’s still early, the 2023 Ford F-150 appears to be a strong contender in the full-size pickup truck market, offering a range of features and capabilities that should appeal to a wide variety of buyers. As more detailed reviews become available, we should get a better sense of how the new F-150 performs in various conditions and how it stacks up against its competitors.

Specifications: Ford F‑150 2023

• 3.3-liter V6 engine with 290 horsepower and 265 lb-ft of torque
• 2.7-liter EcoBoost V6 engine with 325 horsepower and 400 lb-ft of torque
• 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 engine with 400 horsepower and 500 lb-ft of torque
• 5.0-liter V8 engine with 400 horsepower and 410 lb-ft of torque
• 3.5-liter PowerBoost hybrid V6 engine with 430 horsepower and 570 lb-ft of torque

Transmission Options:

• 10-speed automatic transmission

Fuel Efficiency:

• EPA fuel economy ratings have not yet been released for 2023 F-150.

Exterior Features:

• Aggressive new styling with a redesigned front grille and lighting elements
• Updated body lines and curves
• Available power running boards
• Available power tailgate
• LED lighting

Interior Features:

• Standard or available SYNC 4 infotainment system with a 12-inch touchscreen display
• Available 12-inch digital instrument cluster
• Available B&O Sound System
• Available 15.5-inch touchscreen display for the hybrid model
• Available heated and ventilated front seats
• Available panoramic moonroof
• Available interior work surface with a fold-out table

Safety Features:

• Standard Co-Pilot360 safety suite with automatic emergency braking, blind-spot monitoring, lane departure warning, and automatic high beams
• Available Co-Pilot360 Assist with adaptive cruise control, lane centering, and evasive steering assist
• Available 360-degree camera system
• Available Pro Trailer Backup Assist

Towing and Payload:

• Maximum towing capacity of up to 14,000 pounds
• Maximum payload capacity of up to 3,325 pounds

Price:

base XL trim starting at $33,695, and the XLT model begins at $41,800 which could be converted into naira at ₦25,422,000.00, and 31,000,000 respectively. The upscale Platinum model starts at $64,695, and the luxurious Limited model begins at $84,910 at ₦63,000,000.00

3. Innoson IVM Carrier 2023

Overview:

The Innoson IVM Carrier is designed for commercial use, and its large cargo area and high roof make it ideal for transporting goods. The petrol engine and manual transmission offer reliable performance, and the safety features are basic but adequate for its intended purpose.

One of the main advantages of the IVM Carrier is its affordability. As a locally-manufactured vehicle, it is priced lower than many imported commercial vehicles in its class, making it an attractive option for small businesses and entrepreneurs.

However, the IVM Carrier does have some limitations. Its basic interior features and lack of modern technology may make it less comfortable and convenient than some of its competitors, and its simple safety features may not meet the requirements of some businesses or industries. Additionally, as a relatively new automaker, Innoson has yet to establish a wide network of dealerships and service centers, which could make maintenance and repairs more difficult for some customers.

Overall, the Innoson IVM Carrier is a decent option for small businesses or individuals in need of an affordable and reliable commercial vehicle, but it may not be the best choice for those who require more advanced features or extensive support infrastructure.

The Innoson IVM Carrier is a commercial vehicle produced by Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM), a Nigerian automobile manufacturer. Here’s a brief overview of its features and specifications:

Specification: Innoson IVM Carrier 2023

Powertrain:

• 2.7L petrol engine
• 5-speed manual transmission
• Rear-wheel drive

Exterior features:

• Large cargo area with a capacity of up to 1.5 tons
• High roof for easy loading and unloading
• Sliding side door
• Dual rear doors
• Steel wheels

Interior features:

• Comfortable vinyl seats for the driver and two passengers
• Basic dashboard with a simple instrument cluster
• Manual windows and locks
• AM/FM radio

Safety features:

• Dual front airbags
• Anti-lock brakes (ABS)

Price:

starting at ₦25,422,000.00 to ₦31,000,000 respectively.

4. Ford Ranger 2023

Overview:

As of early 2023, the Ford Ranger has not yet been released, so there are no full reviews of the 2023 model year available yet. However, based on what we know about the new Ranger, it’s expected to be a significant update over the current model.

One of the most notable changes for the 2023 Ranger is the introduction of a new hybrid powertrain option. The hybrid will pair a 2.3-liter four-cylinder engine with an electric motor, providing improved fuel efficiency and power compared to the base gasoline engine. The Ranger will also offer several gasoline engine options, including a 2.3-litre EcoBoost four-cylinder and a 2.7-liter EcoBoost V6, both mated to a 10-speed automatic transmission.

In terms of styling, the 2023 Ranger is expected to receive a refresh with updated front and rear fascias, a new grille, and new wheel designs. The interior is also expected to see some updates, with a larger infotainment display, a digital instrument cluster, and more modern technology features.

The Ranger’s capabilities are also expected to receive a boost, with a new Tremor off-road package that will offer a lifted suspension, larger tires, and other enhancements for improved off-road performance. The Ranger is also expected to offer a towing capacity of up to 7,500 pounds, which is impressive for a midsize pickup truck.

Overall, while we don’t yet have full reviews of the 2023 Ford Ranger, it appears to be a strong update over the current model with new powertrain options, updated styling, and improved capabilities. As more detailed reviews become available, we should get a better sense of how the new Ranger performs in various conditions and how it stacks up against its competitors.

Specification: Ford Ranger 2023

Powertrain:

• 2.3-liter EcoBoost four-cylinder engine (estimated 270 horsepower and 310 lb-ft of torque)
• 2.7-liter EcoBoost V6 engine (exact output unknown)
• Hybrid powertrain option pairing the 2.3-liter EcoBoost engine with an electric motor (exact output and fuel efficiency unknown)
• 10-speed automatic transmission

Dimensions:

• Length: estimated around 210 inches
• Width: estimated around 73 inches
• Height: estimated around 71 inches
• Wheelbase: estimated around 127 inches

Towing capacity:

• Up to 7,500 pounds (exact capacity may vary based on configuration)

Off-road capabilities:

• New Tremor off-road package with lifted suspension, larger tires, and other enhancements for improved off-road performance (exact details unknown)

Technology:

• Larger infotainment display with Ford’s latest SYNC system
• Digital instrument cluster
• Modern safety features, including automatic emergency braking and lane departure warning

Interior:

• Updated interior with modern design elements and new materials (exact details unknown)

Exterior:

• Updated styling with new front and rear fascias, a new grille, and new wheel designs (exact details unknown)

As Ford releases more information on the 2023 Ranger, we should get a more complete picture of its specifications and capabilities.

Prices:

 starts at $26,400 for the base XL SuperCab with rear-wheel drive. The midtier XLT has a base price of $30,460, (₦22, 000,000 while the top-end Lariat model has a starting MSRP of $34,500. ₦24, 000,000 The priciest Ranger, the four-door Lariat SuperCrew with four-wheel drive, starts at $39,945 (₦30, 000,000)

5. Toyota Hilux 2023

Overview

The Toyota Hilux is a popular pickup truck that has been around for several decades, known for its reliability and durability. The 2023 Toyota Hilux is expected to come with several updates and improvements over its previous models.

One major improvement in the 2023 Hilux is its engine, which is expected to be more powerful and fuel-efficient than previous models. The engine will likely be a 2.8-liter turbo diesel four-cylinder that can produce up to 201 horsepower and 369 lb-ft of torque.

The 2023 Hilux is also expected to have several new safety features, such as a forward collision warning system, adaptive cruise control, and lane departure warning. These features can help stop accidents and keep the driver and other people in the car safe.

The interior of the 2023 Hilux is expected to be more spacious and comfortable than previous models, with high-quality materials used throughout the cabin. It will also likely come with several new features, such as a touchscreen infotainment system, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto connectivity, and a premium sound system.

Overall, the 2023 Toyota Hilux is expected to be a reliable and capable pickup truck that is suitable for both work and play. With its improved engine, advanced safety features, and comfortable interior, it should be a popular choice for those in need of a reliable and practical vehicle.

Specifications: Toyota Hilux 2023

Here are some of the key specifications of the 2023 Toyota Hilux:

Engine:

• 2.8-liter turbo diesel four-cylinder engine
• Horsepower: 201 hp
• Torque: 369 lb-ft

Transmission:

• Six-speed manual or automatic transmission

Drivetrain:

• Two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive

Fuel Economy:

• City: 24-28 mpg (depending on configuration)
• Highway: 28-34 mpg (depending on configuration)

Towing and Payload:

• Towing capacity: up to 7,716 lbs
• Payload capacity: up to 3,716 lbs

Dimensions:

• Length: 212.2 inches
• Width: 73.4 inches
• Height: 71.9 inches
• Wheelbase: 121.5 inches

Safety Features:

• Forward collision warning system
• Adaptive cruise control
• Lane departure warning
• Automatic high beams
• Blind spot monitoring
• Rear cross-traffic alert

Interior Features:

• Touchscreen infotainment system
• Apple CarPlay and Android Auto connectivity
• Premium sound system
• Leather-trimmed seats (depending on trim level)
• Automatic climate control

These specifications may vary depending on the specific model and trim level of the 2023 Toyota Hilux.

Price:

The average price starts from $45,000 – $70,000 – (₦33,750,000 – ₦52,000,000)

6. Honda Ridgeline 2021

Overview

The Honda Ridgeline is a midsize pickup truck that offers a comfortable ride, excellent handling, and a range of features that make it a solid choice for many buyers.

One of the most notable features of the Ridgeline is its unibody construction, which gives it a more car-like ride and handling than traditional body-on-frame pickup trucks. This construction also helps to make the cabin quieter and more refined, with less road and wind noise than you might expect from a truck.

Under the hood, the Ridgeline is powered by a 3.5-liter V6 engine that produces 280 horsepower and 262 lb-ft of torque. This engine is mated to a six-speed automatic transmission, which provides smooth and responsive shifts.

The Ridgeline is available in several different trims, including the base RT, the Sport, the RTL, the RTL-T, the RTL-E, and the Black Edition. Even the base model comes with a decent range of standard features, including a rearview camera, a seven-speaker audio system, and a 5-inch display screen. Higher trims add more advanced features, such as Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility, a larger touchscreen display, a power-sliding rear window, and a range of driver assistance features.

The Ridgeline’s cabin is roomy and comfortable, with plenty of space for up to five passengers. The rear seats can also be folded up to provide extra cargo space inside the cabin. The truck bed is also impressively versatile, with a dual-action tailgate, an in-bed trunk, and a truck bed audio system available on higher trims.

According to Honda, the 2023 Ridgeline will receive a mid-cycle refresh, which means it will likely get some updates to its exterior and interior design, as well as some new features and technologies. So far, Honda has only released a teaser image of the 2023 Ridgeline, which shows a redesigned front fascia with a new grille and headlights.

In terms of fuel efficiency, the Ridgeline is competitive with other midsize trucks, with an EPA-estimated 21 mpg combined for front-wheel-drive models and 19 mpg combined for all-wheel-drive models.

Overall, the Honda Ridgeline is a great choice for anyone who wants a pickup truck that’s easy to drive, comfortable, and packed with features. While it may not be the most capable truck in its class, it offers a great balance of utility and refinement that will appeal to many buyers.

Specifications: Honda Ridgeline

Here are some key specifications for the 2021 Honda Ridgeline:

• Engine: 3.5-liter V6 engine
• Horsepower: 280 hp
• Torque: 262 lb-ft
• Transmission: 6-speed automatic
• Drivetrain: Front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive (AWD)
• Towing capacity: up to 5,000 pounds (when properly equipped)
• Payload capacity: up to 1,583 pounds
• Fuel economy (city/highway/combined):
  • FWD: 19/26/22 mpg
  • AWD: 18/24/21 mpg
• Wheelbase: 125.2 inches
• Length: 210 inches
• Height: 70.2 inches
• Width: 78.6 inches (with mirrors)
• Ground clearance: 7.64 inches
• Seating capacity: 5 passengers

• Standard features (on base RT trim):
  • 18-inch alloy wheels
  • LED headlights
  • Rearview camera
  • 5-inch display screen
  • 7-speaker audio system
  • Dual-zone automatic climate control
  • Cloth upholstery
  • Power-sliding rear window
  • Driver assistance features (adaptive cruise control, forward collision warning, lane departure warning)

Price:

The Price range starts from $37,665 – $45,665 (₦28,250,000 – ₦34,000,000)

7.  Toyota Tacoma 2023

The 2023 Toyota Tacoma is a mid-size pickup truck that has been refreshed with some notable updates. One of the most significant changes is the addition of a new Trail Edition, which is designed to cater to off-road enthusiasts. The Trail Edition comes with some impressive features such as a locking rear differential, skid plates, and all-terrain tires

The 2023 Toyota Tacoma also has a redesigned grille and front bumper, as well as updated LED headlights and taillights. It is available in six different trims: SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, and the aforementioned Trail Edition.

Under the hood, the 2023 Toyota Tacoma has two engine options: a 2.7-liter four-cylinder engine that produces 159 horsepower and 180 lb-ft of torque, and a 3.5-liter V6 engine that puts out 278 horsepower and 265 lb-ft of torque. Both engines come paired with a six-speed automatic transmission, although the V6 can also be had with a six-speed manual transmission.

The interior of the 2023 Toyota Tacoma is functional and straightforward, with easy-to-use controls and durable materials. However, some reviewers have noted that the cabin can feel a bit cramped, particularly in the back seat. The Tacoma also has a decent amount of standard features, including a 7-inch touchscreen infotainment system, Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and a rearview camera.

Overall, the 2023 Toyota Tacoma is a capable and versatile pickup truck that is well-suited for both on-road and off-road driving. Its updates for the 2023 model year make it an even more appealing option for those who are looking for a reliable and rugged mid-size truck.

Specification: Toyota Tacoma 2023

• Engines:

• 2.7-liter four-cylinder engine with 159 horsepower and 180 lb-ft of torque
• 3.5-liter V6 engine with 278 horsepower and 265 lb-ft of torque

• Transmission:
  • 6-speed automatic transmission (standard on both engines)
  • 6-speed manual transmission (available on V6 engine)

• Fuel economy (city/highway/combined):
  • 2.7-liter engine: 20/23/21 mpg (2WD) or 19/22/20 mpg (4WD)
  • V6 engine: 19/24/21 mpg (2WD) or 18/22/20 mpg (4WD)

• Towing capacity:
  • Up to 6,800 pounds (V6 engine with tow package)

• Payload capacity:
  • Up to 1,685 pounds (2.7-liter engine)
  • Up to 1,440 pounds (V6 engine)

• Ground clearance:
  • 9.4 inches (standard on most trims)
  • 9.7 inches (Trail Edition)
• Seating capacity: Up to 5 passengers

• Standard features:
  • 7-inch touchscreen infotainment system
  • Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility
  • Rearview camera
  • Toyota Safety Sense suite of driver-assistance features (including forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, lane departure warning, and adaptive cruise control)

• Available features:
  • Leather-trimmed seats
  • Power moonroof
  • JBL premium audio system
  • Wireless smartphone charging
  • Dual-zone automatic climate control
  • Multi-terrain select and crawl control (off-road features)

Price:

The Price range starts from $29,665 – $40,665 (₦22,550,000 – ₦31,000,000)

8. Nissan Frontier 2023

The 2023 Nissan Frontier is a midsize pickup truck that has been redesigned for the new model year. The new Frontier features a fresh exterior design, a new interior, and updated technology features. Under the hood, the 2023 Frontier has a 3.8-liter V6 engine that produces 310 horsepower and 281 lb-ft of torque, paired with a 9-speed automatic transmission. The new engine and transmission combination provide a significant improvement in performance and fuel efficiency compared to the previous model. The 2023 Frontier is available in both rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive.

The exterior of the 2023 Nissan Frontier features a bold and rugged design with a prominent grille, LED lighting, and a muscular stance. The interior has also been significantly improved, with a modern design and high-quality materials. The cabin is spacious and comfortable, with plenty of headroom and legroom for front and rear passengers.

Standard features on the 2023 Frontier include an 8.0-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, keyless entry and ignition, and forward-collision warning with automatic emergency braking. Available features include a 9.0-inch touchscreen, a 360-degree camera system, and leather upholstery.

The 2023 Frontier also comes with a host of safety features, including blind-spot warning, rear cross-traffic alert, and lane-departure warning. The truck also has a high-strength steel frame and a number of active safety features that help keep drivers in control in challenging driving situations.

Overall, the 2023 Nissan Frontier is a significant improvement over the previous model. Its combination of modern features, rugged styling, and improved performance make it a compelling option for those in the market for a midsize pickup truck.

Specification: Nissan Frontier 2023

Here are some key specifications for the 2023 Nissan Frontier:

• Engine: 3.8-liter V6 engine with 310 horsepower and 281 lb-ft of torque
• Transmission: 9-speed automatic transmission
• Fuel economy (city/highway/combined):
  • 2WD: 18/24/20 mpg
  • 4WD: 17/23/19 mpg
• Towing capacity: up to 6,720 pounds
• Payload capacity: up to 1,610 pounds
• Ground clearance: 8.9 inches (2WD), 8.7 inches (4WD)
• Seating capacity: Up to 5 passengers

• Standard features:
  • 8.0-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto
  • Forward-collision warning with automatic emergency braking
  • Keyless entry and ignition
  • Rearview camera

• Available features:
  • 9.0-inch touchscreen infotainment system
  • 360-degree camera system
  • Leather upholstery
  • Dual-zone automatic climate control
  • Heated front seats
  • LED headlights and taillights

• Safety features:
  • Blind-spot warning
  • Rear cross-traffic alert
  • Lane-departure warning
  • Automatic high-beam headlights
  • Rear parking sensors
  • Automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detection
  • Hill-start assist and hill-descent control

It’s worth noting that the 2023 Nissan Frontier is available in multiple trim levels, and some features may be specific to certain trims. Additionally, some of these specifications may vary based on the configuration of the truck (2WD vs. 4WD, cab size, bed length, etc.).

Price:

The Price range starts from $29,190 – $33,000 (₦21,900,000 – ₦24,000,000)

Conclusion:

Based on the analysis and specifications of these vehicles, the Overall best pickup and delivery truck is the Toyota Tundra 2023. But, there are many reasons why you should go for other brands or models such as:

1. Toyota Hilux: The Toyota Hilux is one of the most popular pickup trucks in Nigeria, and for good reason. It is known for its reliability, durability, and strong resale value. It has a tough, rugged design that can handle challenging terrain and heavy loads, and is also available in both 2WD and 4WD configurations.
2. Ford Ranger: The Ford Ranger is another popular pickup truck in Nigeria. It is also known for its durability and reliability and has a comfortable interior with plenty of modern features. The Ranger is available in both 2WD and 4WD configurations, and also has a high towing and payload capacity.

This article will always be reviewed and updated to make necessary changes as more details about these vehicles, and life experiences are reviewed.